Latest Post
How many infectious medical waste?
Polaris Energy saving News: With the extensive use of the health care industry and the
development of medical disposable products, medical waste generation is growing rapidly.
The latest data show that there were 261, in the city to the community solid waste
pollution prevention information, only these 261 cities this year, medical waste volume
reached 547,500 tons.
Another one statistics show that at the end of 2012, the total number of medical
institutions of 950 297 beds 5.7248 million, according to an average of 1 kg per bed
medical waste each day, the total amount of medical waste generated in the country each
year to reach 200 million tons.
Faced with such a huge amount of waste generated, but many cities are composed of one or a
small number of waste disposal in a single way of handling medical waste incineration. Once
a case of waste incineration plants shut down, the government and the hospital in the
management of medical waste and daily operations, will face enormous challenges.
In fact, hospital waste generated a large part of municipal solid waste and similar low-
risk waste, about 75% to 90%, the remaining 10% to 25% are considered harmful, it may pose
a health risk, hospitals infectious waste is generally not more than 10% of the total
garbage. Reduce the amount of waste generated must be effective category management as the
premise, but now garbage classification level of the hospital, worrying.
Medical waste collection is key to the implementation of environmentally sound management
of medical wastes, but most Chinese hospitals do not pay attention to the sort processing
medical waste, and open place, no obvious signs, classification level is not high.
General hospital with normal household trash bins and yellow medical, hospital and clinic
staff told Post logo, the swab and other body fluids come into contact with the patient
garbage into yellow garbage bag. But the reporter visited some hospitals found that blood
tests and outpatient medical room yellow garbage bags of medical waste both regions, but
also paper, food packaging and other general household waste.
A survey conducted in a hospital in Wuhu, Anhui Province shows that at some medical
personnel classification concept is unclear, non-infectious waste, such as medical supplies
packaging, special medical waste mixed with yellow bag. Although such an approach did not
cause harm to the spread of disease, but it increases the cost of processing medical waste.
Survey on the status of management and disposal of medical waste in a primary hospital also
showed that the passing rate of garbage deposited only 45%. The survey also pointed out
that a lot of medical waste in the absence of sterilization, transported to the transfer
station processing, which may cause secondary pollution garbage occur during transport.
Many local medical waste disposal fee is calculated according to bed, the amount of waste
generated by hospitals not directly related to the processing fee paid. If the hospital
improve the management level, reducing the amount of waste generated, and the same number
of beds, garbage fees will not be reduced, so that is not conducive to encouraging
hospitals source waste separation and reduction.
Medical waste are complicated, including infectious wastes, pathological wastes, chemical
wastes and damaging waste, etc., relating to different textile materials, plastics, glass,
metal and human organizations, a single treatment is difficult to achieve for a variety of
medical garbage harmless treatment.
For different types of medical waste, we have a different processing method and apparatus
have been developed and used around the world. In order to reduce global pollution of
dioxins and furans, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and the World
Health Organization recommends the use of other alternative forms burned. Autoclaving is
probably the most widely used non-burning disinfection, in addition to chemical processing
technology, processing technology and microwave plasma processing technology.
China is now widely used is incineration, this approach tends to produce large amounts of
harmful gas mixture, including hydrochloric acid, dioxins and furans, as well as toxic
metals lead, cadmium and mercury.
A more complete medical waste incineration system shall include the feed system,
incinerator, combustion air system, start the ignition and burn-assisted system, flue gas
purification system, and the residue handling system, automatic monitoring system and
emergency system, which flue gas cleaning system is used to cut dioxin, mercury and other
highly toxic substances by incineration. However, research shows that some old equipment
medical incinerators, waste is a direct smoke exhaust emissions.
South China Institute of Environmental Sciences once a medical waste incineration plant in
Guangdong Province as the research object, through the collection and analysis incineration
plant and the surrounding soil and plant samples, PAHs understand incineration plant (PAHs)
distribution, sources and pollution levels. The results show that medical incinerators soil
surrounding a certain degree of contamination of PAHs detected in the soil 16 polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs total amount ranging 11.83ng / g ~ 788.24ng / g, mean 236.681ng
/ g; in the study area downwind of the prevailing winds in the soil, total PAHs were
significantly higher than the prevailing winds soil content, and the total concentration of
PAHs in soil increases with distance showed a gradual decrease.
Waste incineration industry momentum is fierce level of related facilities to be improved
[China] Solid Waste Environmental online waste incineration industries development momentum is fierce, and the brightest of capital chasing even appear several times in the last year the price of handling fee diving, industry raised concerns about the vicious competition. “Thirteen Five” during garbage construction market investment space at 1000 billion yuan; the growing garbage incineration capacity of the operation of the facility, the regulatory level challenges. Many industry companies said in simple incineration links, market competition is too fierce, competitive professional enterprises should play in the field of business models and technological innovation.
Waste incineration industry momentum is fierce level of related facilities to be improved
“Twelve Five” is a fast-growing garbage incineration five years. According to relevant statistics, in 2015, the national city and county has accumulated garbage incineration capacity of about 233,000 tons / day. Waste incineration industries development momentum is fierce, and the brightest of capital chasing even appear several times in the last year the price of handling fee diving, industry raised concerns about the vicious competition. Which is still used as the main way of landfill waste, mostly due to the local authorities responsible for managing the operations, the market is not high, remain “low key.”
The future will continue to heat a cold do?
In this regard, some experts pointed out that, on the one hand, waste incineration will continue to grow, but the amount of accumulation and qualitative improvement of equal importance, particularly waste incineration emissions formal implementation of new standards for operation of the facility and set higher requirements; on the other hand landfill as an indispensable and irreplaceable resource, is still dealing with the mainstream. But to find out the remaining storage capacity, make good use of good management will become critical; at the same time, non-canonical transformation landfill, pollution, etc. also brought closure to repair the relevant market opportunities.
According to the deputy director of the Research Center for Environmental Health Engineering Department of Housing and General Workers Liujing Hao introduction, facility upgrades will be the next five years, important content. “China’s solid waste disposal facilities (landfill, incineration plant) construction and development is very fast, there are a number of construction and operation of the facility has a large room for improvement. There are many old landfills need to maintain and update, so as not to pollute the surrounding environment. Some of the early construction of incineration plants need to be upgraded or reset. ”
Incineration facilities is still on the rise
“Thirteen Five” during garbage construction market investment space at 1000 billion yuan; the growing garbage incineration capacity of the operation of the facility, the regulatory level challenges.
‘Facilities’ second five’ plan basically completed the goal. “China Urban Environmental Health Association and vice president, director of the Research Center for Environmental Health Engineering Department of Housing and Xu Wenlong said that according to” the “second five” national urban domestic garbage treatment facility construction plan, “clearly incineration project the total size of 307,200 tons / day. Although the end of 2015, the national total incineration capacity of 233,000 tons / day, but the size of the project currently under construction there of about 10 tons / day, and basically complete the planning and construction scale.
Planning and completion of high interest capital markets has a direct relationship. Construction and operation of waste incineration facility has become one of the segments of capital chasing the parties, after the project in a constant rise to fierce “fight.”
The next five years, incineration facilities construction market is still big? In this regard, the Executive President of the Institute of E20 Xue Tao believes that incineration facilities will maintain growth. “In the construction of garbage ‘Thirteen Five’ period, probably in the investment market space, building space is at 100 billion yuan.”
Xu Wenlong believes that new market does still have a better chance. Currently, most of the city and most of the county’s garbage can be effectively collected and treatment and disposal in sanitary landfill and incineration plants. But still there are gaps in waste disposal facilities, the new facility is still one of the main tasks of the current and the next five-year plan. “According to the relevant national planning, the national MSW incineration capacity in 2020 will exceed 40 tons / day in 2025 up to 50 tons / day. By then, China’s demand for incineration facilities will reach a relatively stable state.”
Accumulation in the continued qualitative improvement already started. From January 1 this year, all new country, has been running garbage incinerator must perform a new “garbage burning pollution control standards” (GB18485-2014) (hereinafter referred to as the new standard) of emission limits. New standards for conventional pollutants, dioxin contamination compared to the previous standard have more stringent requirements.
(Source: China Association of gravel)
Article Links: China Environmental Protection online http://www.hbzhan.com/news/detail/105016.html
Waste Management Planning
The generator of a waste is responsible for its safe management from cradle-to-grave. Using raw materials efficiently and reducing the amount of waste generated is the most important step in waste management planning. For example, through improved waste management planning, it may be possible to reduce or eliminate the need to burn or incinerate waste altogether. Undertaking a waste audit will help to identify the type and amount of waste being generated, the costs of current management options and examine opportunities for better managing the waste. This information will also enable the generator to implement a waste management regime that is tailored to its own unique needs, location and circumstances.
Even with improved waste reduction measures in place there will be waste generated. Waste by its nature is usually a mixture of different unwanted materials. The segregation and diversion of different types of waste is an effective way to reduce the amount of waste requiring costly handling, storage, treatment and disposal. Segregation also enables the reuse of certain types of waste for a different purpose. Reuse activities may be undertaken either on-site or off-site.
Treatment and disposal is the last step in effective waste management and should be undertaken only after all other practical reduction and reuse options have been examined. A wide variety of treatment and disposal options exist and each must be examined before deciding on a final method, regardless of whether waste is to be treated and disposed of on-site or off-site. If burning and incineration is the method of choice, equipment must be designed and sized accordingly to accommodate the type and quantity of waste being produced. As described in the following section, open burning is capable of safely destroying a limited number of types of waste. While incinerators are capable of safely destroying a wider range of waste, many types of waste must still be diverted. Because of this, on-site segregation remains a critical component of any waste management plan.
Overall, the following principles should be used to guide responsible solid waste management planning:
Know your waste by conducting a waste audit.
Reduce the amount of solid waste produced by implementing strategic purchasing policies that focus on the substitution or reduction of purchased products as well as product design, composition and durability.
Reuse waste where different purposes can be identified.
Segregate and divert mixed waste streams enabling waste to be reused or recycled, thereby reducing the amount of waste to be disposed of.
All practical disposal methods should be examined. Burning and incineration of waste should be considered only where other practical methods do not exist.
If burning and incineration is used, the equipment chosen should be designed and sized to accommodate the waste produced, minimize fire hazard and result in the complete combustion of the waste.
hazardous and biomedical waste
The role of municipal governments is important in the proper local management of solid waste. Under the Nunavut Land Claims
Agreement, municipalities are entitled to control their own municipal disposal sites. Local environmental and safety
standards are determined, in part, by how the land is designated under municipal government development plans (i.e. land use
zoning). Solid waste may be deposited into municipal landfill sites only with the consent of the local government. The local
fire department may also be called upon if a fire or other public safety issue is identified.
Solid waste incinerators are engineered systems that are capable of routinely achieving burn temperatures in excess of 1000oC
and a holding time of at least one second. Properly designed and operated incinerators are able to effectively and safely
destroy a wide range of waste. Only incinerators designed for burning mixed municipal solid waste are discussed in the
guideline. The incineration of
hazardous and biomedical waste and sewage sludge requires specific equipment, operational controls and training that are
beyond the scope of the current document.
There are four basic types of incinerators. They vary based upon the number of burn chambers they have, the amount of air
provided to each chamber and how waste is fed into the primary burn chamber.
Dual-Chamber Starved The primary burn chamber receives less air than is needed to achieve full
Air System combustion. Gases from this incomplete combustion then pass into a second burn chamber where sufficient air
is injected and complete combustion is achieved.
Single Chamber Excess More than a sufficient amount of air (as much as 50% more than the amount
Air System of air needed) is injected into the single burn chamber to achieve complete combustion of the waste.
Continuous Feed An incineration process that is in a continuous burn cycle. A continuous feed
Incinerator incinerator operates without interruption throughout the operating hours of the facility by having waste
continually added to the primary burn chamber.
Batch Feed Incinerator An incineration process that is not in a continuous or mass burning cycle. A batch feed incinerator
is charged with a discrete quantity or single load of waste at the beginning of the burn cycle.
Batch feed dual-chamber controlled air incinerators currently operate at several remote industrial locations in northern
Canada and Alaska. Although they are generally considered to have the highest qualities of all the incinerators and open
burning methods mentioned, they must be designed for the type and quantity of waste to be burned. Too little heat and holding
time will not allow waste to burn properly; too much heat will damage the incinerator.
Figure 5 illustrates the design of a typical batch feed dual-chamber controlled air incinerator. The main features of this
type of incinerator are:
Batch operation allows greater control of temperature and air throughout the burn process. Air turbulence can be reduced in
the primary chamber so fewer particulates are released into the air from the stack.
Although a wide range of wastes can be destroyed, waste may have to be segregated and remixed in order to achieve a
uniform heating value close to the design point of the incinerator.
Externally supplied fuel and electricity are needed for the burners and forced air ventilation. A properly operating dual-
chamber controlled air system will reduce problems with animal attraction as the production of bottom and fly ash and smoke
is minimized.
Section 2.3.2 is intended to provide the reader with a brief introduction to incinerators. It is not intended to provide
information suitable for the design, selection or operation of an incineration system. Any person considering the purchase of
an incineration system should first consult the system’s manufacturer or other qualified persons with expertise in the
incineration of solid waste.
Incinerator Maximizing Combustion Efficiency
More smoke and other pollutants are released into the air during the ‘start-up’ and ‘cool down’ phases of the burn cycle
than during the ‘full burn phase’ when high temperatures are maintained. Low temperature smoldering fires should be
avoided. Burn only dry feedstock and periodically add additional waste to the fire in order to maintain high burn
temperatures until all waste has been destroyed. If waste is to be open burned on the ground, the use of deep or steep-walled
‘pits’ should be avoided as this will prevent the necessary turbulent mixing of oxygen with the burnable gases.
Desired operating temperature should be achieved as quickly as possible when operating any burning or incineration device. A
rapid ‘start-up’ can be achieved by first loosely loading dry paper, paperboard packing and untreated wood into the bottom
of the device. Dry, loosely loaded material will ignite more quickly and burn more evenly than a wet, tightly packed load.
Wet waste should only be added after the fire is actively burning. Overfilling the burn chamber will prevent the turbulent
mixing of burnable gases and oxygen, and should be avoided.
Modern batch feed incinerators are designed with primary and auxiliary burners to achieve and maintain the necessary high
burn temperatures. Additional waste should only be added to these incinerators once the ‘cool down’ phase has been
completed and it is safe to do so.
